Propaganda In George Orwells Animal Farm - 842 Words

Propaganda is all around us. Although we might not realize, we see it almost everyday. Propaganda is misleading information that is used to help groups of people. It is most often used in government systems. We see it when we listen to news or check social media. It is used so much in our lives and most of the time we don’t even realize it. On animal farm the propaganda was Squealer. Without Squealer, the book would have been completely different. Squealer made the animals believe in Napolean and his actions and without this Napolean wouldn’t have become so powerful. In book Animal Farm there are many events where propaganda, or Squealer, was used. One of the first times you see this happening is when the pigs started to change the†¦show more content†¦The original commandment was, â€Å" No animal shall drink alcohol†, but once again he added two words and changed the commandment to, â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.† By these events you can tell that the pigs were slowly starting to take over the farm. Another event where Squealer used his speaking abilities was to turn the animals against Snowball. Once Napolean drove Snowball out of Animal Farm he wanted all of the animals to hate him. Squealer started doing this right from the start. After all their hard work the windmill was knocked down from a terrible storm, Napolean didn’t waste a second to blame this on Snowball. Later in the book Squealer convinced the animals that Snowball was secretly coming to the farm in the night and that he had made an alliance with Jones. When anything went wrong on the farm, the first thing that would be announced was that Snowball was to be blamed. When Squealer convinced the animals of these things he completely changed the animals memories of events that had happened. One example of this was the Battle of Cowshed. He convinced the animals that Snowball was working with Jones through the battle and that everything he did had an alternative motive. By doing all of this Squealer made the animals trust himself and Napolean, and in their minds Napolean was a hero. One of the last times when propaganda was used in the story was when Boxer died. Boxer wasShow MoreRelatedPigs Gain Power with Propaganda in George Orwells Animal Farm1747 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience’s mind. Propaganda is a communication method which creates certain feelings and motivates specific actions (Stults). In George Orwells’ Animal Farm, the animals of the farm plan on living in peaceful equality after overthrowing their human leaders, but the intelligent, cunning pigs seize the farm’s defenseless leadership. Orwell wrote Animal Farm as an allegorical â€Å"fairy story† (â€Å"Preface† 6) resembling the Russian Revolt during the 1900’s. An important similarity between Animal Farm and the RussianRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1285 Words   |  6 PagesMack Allen Mr.Booth Period 6 English 12/3/14 Author Study of George Orwell George Orwell was a literary tactician who won two major awards because of hia advanced and intriguing use of propaganda. At first glance, his books appear to be stories about animals, however, they contain much deeper and influential meanings. Orwell is most recognized for his portrayal of dystopian societies and how they parallel present society. Through intense allegories, Orwell unintentionally crafted novels that areRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages George Orwell’s Animal Farm is a story of pure propaganda. Propaganda is a recurring theme and technique seen and used by characters in the book, as well as the author. Animal Farm is an allegory that focuses on the communist revolution in Russia. Being an allegory, events in the book accurately depict actual events in history that actually relate to propaganda. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Propaganda is a central element to the plot of Animal Farm. Propaganda is used by various methods in theRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1710 Words   |  7 Pages There are many important characters in George Orwell’s Animal Farm but the pig Squealer surpasses all of them in importance because Squealer is essentially the equivalent of a news reporter in the Animal Farm. Squealer spreads propaganda among the inhabitants of Animal Farm, whether it is the truth or a lie, but it benefits Napoleon afterwards since Squealer utilizes propaganda techniques in order to make the animals believe it. Most of the animals that are not pigs or dogs aren’t very intelligentRead MoreGeorge Orwells Contributions to Society1199 Words   |  5 PagesPreface. Animal Farm. By George Orwell. 1996. 50th Anniversary ed. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1946. v-xii. Print. Glover, Beaird. Nineteen Eighty-Four. Masterplots, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-3. Literary Reference Center. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. Knapp, John V. George Orwell. Critical Survey Of Long Fiction, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-6. Literary Reference Center. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. ORWELL, George. (n.d.): Funk amp; Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. Orwell, George. NineteenRead MoreEssay on Failed Revolutions and Tyrants in Animal Farm649 Words   |  3 PagesFailed Revolutions and Tyrants in Animal Farm Animal Farm, by George Orwell was published in 1945, a crucial time in history because of Stalin’s takeover of the Soviet Union and his exploitation of the centralized communist government. This was in direct contradiction to the expected results of the Russian Revolution. Orwell felt that revolutions fail because the end result is a change of tyrants and not of government. Orwell exemplifies this failure through the goals of the revolution and theirRead MoreEssay about Animal Farm: The World and the Words 1041 Words   |  5 Pages Animal Farm is a masterfully written cynical exploration into the abuse of power through language.c George Orwells book provides a theory of power structures, equality and the very nature of human character. As a short, ten-chaptered essay, this book has made its mark on the communist and authoritarian societies with the cutting morals and the phrase â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others† In the beginning, Mr. Jones is an antagonistic study into Czar Nicholas IIRead MoreThe Works of George Orwell1347 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell How did George Orwell, an author who died over 50 years ago, suddenly rocket to the top of the best sellers list? George Orwell was able to show peoples all over the world about dangers that not only pertained to people of his time period but to multitudes of future generations. He used his literary knowledge to write books that were incredible influential in both their literary skill and the message they portrayed. George Orwell greatly influenced British society through his literaryRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Com munism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreThe Key Themes In Animal Farm By George Orwell952 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm, an allegorical novel by George Orwell, depicts a very clear picture of the events leading up to the 1917 Russian Revolution and the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. The techniques Orwell has used when writing this piece allows his robust view points and prominent reoccurring themes to become clear. A couple of themes that stood out the most to me was the use of education and intelligence, as well as corruption of power and leadership to fuel oppression. Orwell uses the imagery of a

Gilgameshs Lesson in Humility in Fosters The Epic of...

Gilgamesh was destined to perfection from birth. He was created as a divine mortal, two thirds divine and one third human (5). He was a man destined to live a lavish life with all the riches a man could ever want. Unfortunately his arrogance and superior strength got in the way (Foster5). Gilgamesh was created by the gods to be perfect in every regard. But what the gods couldnt prepare him for was life and human emotions, instinct etc. Gilgamesh built a wall that protected Uruk, his home (3). He was destined to live a life like a god among his people. Gods played tug a war for the lack of better words with Gilgameshs life. They controlled every aspect. This is where all Gilgamesh journeys began and where they would all bring him back to†¦show more content†¦The gods communicated with Gilgamesh on his journeys through his dreams, which play out in reality so he was dreaming of his days to come (tablet 4). In tablet five Ishtar proposes marriage to Gilgamesh and because he dec lines she rages another war for Gilgamesh against the bull of heaven. So he faces another gods issue and wins as a divine would. Continually the gods faced Gilgamesh with challenges that he would meet and there for giving him high expectations in life and proving that there was nothing that he couldnt do. Although Gilgamesh himself created these issues in his head that there was always something to prove the gods never deterred him. Time and time again they placed a burning inside him to complete another quest and every time the task at hand became harder and harder. He became so addicted to the hunt and kill that he let his friend Enkidu die for his cause (tablet 7). His quest for eternal life after he witnessed the death of a close one showed us that although Gilgamesh wanted eternal life he wasnt capable of protecting the very thing that would provide that to him. He was told by Utanapishtim, the wisest man that ever lived that he himself escaped a massive flood which the god Enk i warned him of out of oath was not to tell anyone. Now this flood alone would reference the current day biblical story about the flood. Gilgamesh knew

Killer Whales (1605 words) Essay Example For Students

Killer Whales (1605 words) Essay Killer WhalesWhales are giant creatures that live in the sea. They look like fish, but arenot. Whales belong to the group of animals called mammals. Whales belong to thegroup of mammals called cetaceans, which comes from a Latin word meaning largesea animal. There are two major groups of whales. The first group is mysticeti(baleen whales), and the other isodontoceti (toothed whales). In the groupodontoceti, there is a family of whales called delphinidae (dolphins and smalltoothed whales). In this report, I will focus on a species of whale that comesfrom this family, and that species is the killer whale, or also known as orcinusorca, or just orca. The largest and most striking of the dolphin family, thekiller whale is one of the most fearsome predators of the deep. Killer whalesare basically the same shape as fish, but they differ in many ways. One of themost obvious differences is the tail fin. Fish have vertical tail fins, whilewhales have horizontal tail fins. One of the most disti nctive features of orcasis the tall, wide dorsal fin located on its back. In females, the dorsal fin cangrow to about 2 feet high. It is falcate (hooked or curved). In males, thedorsal fin is triangular in shape and can grow up to about 6 feet high. Anotherdistinctive feature of killer whales is that they possess a sleek, black andwhite pigmentation pattern. A white patch is located above and behind the eye. An extensive white ventral patch extends onto the flanks (sides). There is agray saddle behind the dorsal fin, which is black at birth. (Hoyt, Pg. 32) Atbirth, orcas are about 2.1 to 2.4 meters long and weigh about 180 kilograms. When they are adults, males grow to about 9.5 meters long weighing 8 tons ormore. Females grow to 8.2 meters long and weigh 4-6 tons. Orcas have robustand graceful bodies with a conical or rounded head. (Hoyt, Pg. 97) It has nodistinct beak. They have straight mouthlines. Another physical attribute ofkiller whales, besides having a tall dorsal fin, is that killer whales havelarge, paddle-shaped flippers. These flippers are 2-3 times larger in males thanthey are in females. Killer whales are very large physical specimens. Beingknown as a fearsome hunter with killer instinct, it would be interesting to knowwhat a killer whales diet consists of. The orca resembles the great whiteshark in its predatory skill and range of food. They eat seabirds, turtles,fishes, including sharks, whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, and sea lions. These hunters feed in groups of two to twenty animals. They can even kill baleenwhales much larger then themselves. They have 10 to 13 teeth on each side ofeach jaw, which helps in their feeding. Though killer whales sometimes attackdolphins, seals, and other whales larger than themselves, but they have not beenknown to attack people, although there have been documented cases of killerwhale attacks. Throughout the ages, whales have lost some of the characteristicsof mammals. Mammals have hair covering their bodies. Whales have only a fewstiff hairs on their heads. Mammals have four legs. A whale has no hind legs. The only traces that they remain are two tiny hipbones. The front legs havedeveloped into flippers, which are used for steering or keeping its balance. Although killer whales share the same characteristics as mammals, they also havespecial features that allow them to live in the water. Whales have many specialcharacteristics suited for living in the water. Living in water enables them toreach enormous sizes. The buoyancy (lift) of water helps support a whalesbody, which makes it possible for them to grow larger. (Ellis ; Knoph,Pg.18) Orcas have a highly streamlined shape. This enables them to swim with aminimum of resistance. The powerful tail fins called flukes are horizontal. .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d , .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d .postImageUrl , .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d , .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d:hover , .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d:visited , .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d:active { border:0!important; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d:active , .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98c2fa4309147ef4c64881172b2d7e5d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Virtual Reality EssayWhales swim by moving the flukes up and down. Another characteristic that ishelpful to killer whales, or any type of whale, is that a whales backbone,ribcage, and shoulder blades resemble those of other mammals. Almost all mammalshave seven neck vertebrae. In killer whales, these vertebrae are compressed intoa short length or joined together into one bone. This keeps the head from movingabout. It also joins the head directly to the body. Orcas have smooth, rubberyskin that easily slips through the water. Mammals have hair to keep them warm. Whales have only a few hairs on the head. To keep warm, they have a layer of fatcalled blubber. The blubber grows to about 6 inches thick never growing more. Ifthere is no food around or there is little food, killer whales can live offtheir blubber for a long time. Since blubber is lighter than water, thisincreases the buoyancy of whales. Much like their mammal brethren, whales havelungs and must come to the surface to breathe. They can hold their breath forlong periods of time. Their muscles store more oxygen than the muscles of othermammals. Orcas store 41 percent of their oxygen supply in the muscles. Whendiving, the body reduces the blood flow to the muscles, still keeping a normalflow to the heart and brain. The heartbeat slows helping to save oxygen. After adive, a killer whale must take several breaths to recharge its tissues withoxygen before diving again. When an orca comes up to breathe, it rolls forwardas it breaks the surface. This movement gives it only about two seconds to blowout and breathe in up to 2,100 quarts of air. They breathe through nostrilscalled blowholes. These are located at the top of the head. Orcas have oneblowhole. Powerful muscles and valves open the blowhole wide so the whales canbreathe. Then they snap tightly shut. A cloud called a blow or spout is producedwhen a whale exhales. It consists of water vapor. Sometimes it may include mucusand oil droplets. An interesting aspect of whales is that they utilize most ofthe five senses that humans use. The five senses are hearing, seeing, smelling,touching, and talking. Killer whales have no sense of smell and have pooreyesight. They have well-developed senses of touch and hearing. Their keenhearing provides them with information about their surroundings.(International Experts, Encyclopedia survey, 1988) They can hear a wide range ofsounds, including low-and high-pitched sounds that are beyond the range of humanhearing. They can also tell from what direction a sound is coming from. Ki llerwhales produce sounds within the nasal sac system, a series of air-filledpouches around the blowhole. They locate underwater objects by listening forechoes produced when the objects reflect the sounds. They determine the distanceand the direction of an object through the echoes. This is called echolocation. When researching any type of animal, it is also worth knowing the life span ofthe animal being researched. Knowing the life span of killer whales is usefulinformation that a researcher can later use. Knowing the life span of the killerwhale helps the researcher understand how the killer whale lives and how long itlives. The life span of killer whales is 50+ years for the males and 80+ yearsfor the females. Human hunters account for many of the deaths. Except forpeople, whales have no natural enemies. Most of the whales that escape thehunters harpoon live to old age and die of natural causes. Some orcas die afterstranding themselves on a beach. In some cases, a whale swims ashore alone. Inother cases, an entire pod of whales becomes stranded. People often returnbeached whales to the sea, but most swim back onto the beach. They cannot livelong out of the water. They may overheat, become crushed by their own weight, ordrown when the tide covers their blowholes. Another important aspect worthnoting is how killer whales reproduce. The way that killer whales reproduce isvery unusual as compared to other mammals or even other whales. Killer whalesmate during a specific season. The male, called a bull, and the female, called acow, engage in playful courting as part of the mating process. The whales strokeeach other with their flippers during courting. Females breed at 9 to 10 yearswhile males breed at 16 to 17 years. The gestation period or pregnancy periodlasts 13 to 17 months. A female will give birth every 10 years, sometimes every3 years. A whale has only one baby at a time. A baby whale is called a calf. .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 , .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 .postImageUrl , .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 , .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5:hover , .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5:visited , .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5:active { border:0!important; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5:active , .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5 .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5bad75bd0e1adb796fb4a864dc7612b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Means To Tragic Ends (oedipus EssayTwins rarely occur. During birth one or more females may help the mother. Whalesare already giant animals at birth. Calves are born in fall and winter. They are8 feet long and grow 4 inches every month. As soon as the baby is born, themother nudges it to the surface to take its first breath. She stays close to itfor at least a year. During this year, the female will nurse her calf. She hasspecial breast muscles that pump milk into the babys mouth. Whale milk ishighly concentrated and rich in fat, protein, and minerals. (Leatherwood Reeves, Pg. 134) This helps the calves grow amazingly fast. Overall, thereare a plethora of characteristics and attributes that make killer whales unique. Whether it is the killer instinct, life span, or method of reproduction, it iseasy to see that killer whales are very special creatures. Though there are manydifferent kinds of whales, I chose to write about one specific species of whale:the killer whale or orcinus orca. Whales are thought to be along the lines ofgentle of nonviolent. Killer whales, however, are neither. It is thesecharacteristics of the killer whale that many people find intriguing. Whales, ingeneral, are very unique creatures. The killer whale is unique in its own way,and possesses certain characteristics that most whales do not. It is the killerinstinct found in killer whales that makes them intriguing and distinguishesthem from other species of whale.

Oedipus And Othello Comparison Essays - Othello, Oedipus

Oedipus And Othello Comparison *INTRO*The character Oedipus in the play Oedipus the King by Sophocles, and the character Othello in the play Othello the Moor of Venice by Shakespeare are both tragic characters. Oedipus ends up killing his father, and marrying and having children with his mother, whereas Othello ends up mistrusting and killing his wife. These two individuals have similarities and differences in several aspects such as the roundness of their characters, the retribution that they incur upon themselves and upon their respective wives whether directly or indirectly, and their horrors. *BODY 1* Both Oedipus and Othello are developed into round characters. Round characters are those that are well developed three dimensionally with multiple meaning to their characters. Oedipus is a character whose fate cannot be avoided, and which ever path he seems to take leads him to more trouble than what he had to deal with before. Even though his character is well-rounded, he is not believable. It would be highly unlikely that Oedipus would marry a woman who looked as if she could be his mother without asking a few questions about her past marriages and about her children. It could have caused some insight in their characters, and questions could have arisen about the first child which was sent away and thought of as dead. Othello on the other hand is a well-rounded character, and he is believable. Othello is a man who is filled with jealousy and mistrust he learns that his wife may be sleeping with another man. Anyone who has been in love has had this feeling once and a while, and that feeling is being fed by the person of whom they most trust, it can be devastating for that person. As Iago continually feeds Othello's suspicion, his hurt and mistrust grows for his wife, until he finally kills her. The character of Oedipus is a round character, but cannot be believed due to the absurd circumstances of his marriage with Jocasta. Othello's round character can be believed, because jealousy invades all of us at one time or another and for Othello, he chose to act upon it much like those who act in our society today. *BODY 2*Both Oedipus as well as Othello afflict themselves and their wives. When Oedipus learns the truth about himself, about the overly dissipated acts of coupling with his mother and killing his father, his wife Jocasta slays herself in embarrassment. Her death is thus an indirect result of Oedipus' wrongdoings. He then blinds himself in order to inflict self-punishment. Othello on the other hand mistakenly accuses his wife Desdemona of adultery with Cassio and hence throttles her to death. When he later realizes that his accusation was improperly based, he is overcome with guilt, and hence stabs himself to death. Thus, Oedipus performs moral destruction of himself where as Othello destroys himself by death. *BODY 3*The horrors of Oedipus and Othello, although similar in certain ways, are different in others. Oedipus ends up uncovering a genuine horror; while Othello ends up realizing that the horror that exists is only in his mind. Oedipus' horrors were made true by his own self; whereas Othello's unreal horror was conceived and promulgated by his trusted general Iago. The horrors of both are also more or less a result of their choice in wedlock. Oedipus marries Jocasta fallaciously assuming that she would not be his mother thereby creating setting himself up for suffering once the truth reveals. Othello marries Desdemona, who is of a race different from his, and this is partially the reason why Iago chooses to make him suffer. *CONCLUSION*In conclusion, when comparing and contrasting the protagonists Oedipus and Othello, the roundness of their characters, the indirect or direct retribution that they incur upon themselves and their respective wives, and their horrors illustrate the similarities and the differences among them. What's most important is that both characters duly depict the importance of righteousness in this world thus bringing to light their individual nobilities. English Essays

The Great Flood Story in Mythology Essays

The Great Flood Story in Mythology Essays The Great Flood Story in Mythology Essay The Great Flood Story in Mythology Essay Essay Topic: The Epic of Gilgamesh There are several myths that include accounts of a great flood. The common reason for the flood, as testified in most of these myths, is usually punishment upon mankind for their sins. Typically, an angry god seeking revenge administers the flood. Some of mankind may be spared through the building of some sort of protective boat, ark, or even a golden egg. Seeds from all animals and vegetation will be stored inside until the flood subsides. At this time, the world will begin again. Genesis of Noah The Bible contains a flood story in Genesis of Noah. The Epic of Gilgamesh is the Sumerian myth that tells the story of a flood.In India, The Creation, Death, and Rebirth of the Universe tells the Hindu story of the great flood. The Yoruba myth that tells a flood story is The Creation of the Universe and Ife. Each of these myths has similarities regarding the great flood. Each of these also has some conflicting details of the account. Sumerians The Sumerians lived in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, hence the name, Mesopotamia that directly translates to between the rivers.Today, this area is known as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, but it was once occupied by one of the oldest known civilizations. This civilization is given credit to spreading the great myth, The Epic of Gilgamesh.This epic was written in cuneiform on clay tablets dating back to around 2100 B.C.Sin-leqi Unninni, a priest, has been given credit for writing the epic. It was discovered in Ninevah in 1845 in the ruins of the library of Ashurbanipal. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is searching for Utnapishtim, the Faraway, to inquire about immortality.When Gilgamesh finds Utanipishtim, he is told of the great flood. In this account of the flood, Enlil, ruler of the Gods, decides to destroy the Earth.He assembles the other gods in a discussion of what is to be done.

Hubble Studies Giant Gas Bubbles Near our Galaxys Core

Hubble Studies Giant Gas Bubbles Near our Galaxy's Core Its an ancient galactic mystery with a modern explanation: two million years ago, something happened at the center of our Milky Way galaxy. Something energetic. Something that sent two huge bubbles of gas billowing out to space. Today, they stretch out across more than 30,000 light-years of space, extending above and below the plane of the Milky Way.  No one was around to see it then at least no humans on Earth. Our earliest primate  ancestors were just learning to walk upright, and astronomy was not likely on their list of activities. So, this major explosion went unnoticed. Yet, it was a titanic event, driving gases and other material outward at two million miles per hour, didnt affect our plane then and it wont likely affect us in the future. However, it does show us what happens when a massive explosion occurs some 25,000 light-years away from our planet. Hubble Sleuths the Cause of the Explosion Astronomers used  Hubble Space Telescope  to look through one lobe of the bubbles toward a very distant quasar. Thats a galaxy that is very bright in  both visible and other wavelengths of light. The quasars passed through the bubbles of gas, which allowed Hubble to peer inside the  bubble to learn more about it- like  looking at a distant light shining through a fog bank.   The enormous structure illustrated in this image was discovered five years ago as a gamma-ray glow on the sky in the direction of the galactic center. The balloon-like features have since been observed in x-rays and radio waves. The Hubble Space Telescope presented a good way to measure the velocity and composition of the mystery lobes.  With the data from HST,  astronomers will work on calculating the mass of the material being blown out of our galaxy. That might also let them figure out just what happened to send all this gas billowing out of the galaxy in the first place. What Caused this Massive Galactic Explosion? The two most likely scenarios that explain these bipolar lobes are 1) a firestorm of star birth at the Milky Ways center or 2) the eruption of its supermassive black hole.   This isnt the first time that gaseous winds and streams of material have been seen coming from the centers of galaxies, but its the first time astronomers have detected evidence for them in our own galaxy.   The giant lobes are called Fermi Bubbles. They were initially spotted using NASAs Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope to track gamma-rays.  These emissions are a powerful clue that a violent event in the galaxys core aggressively launched energized gas into space. To provide more information about the outflows, Hubbles Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) studied the ultraviolet light from a distant quasar that lies beyond the base of the northern bubble. Imprinted on that light as it travels through the lobe is information about the velocity, composition, and temperature of the expanding gas inside the bubble, which only COS can provide. The COS data show that the gas is rushing from the galactic center at roughly 3 million kilometers an hour (2 million miles an hour). of the gas at approximately 17,500 degrees Fahrenheit, which is much cooler than most of the 18-million-degree gas in the outflow. This cooler gas means that some interstellar gas could be getting caught up in the outflow.   COS observations also reveal that the clouds of gas contain the elements silicon, carbon, and aluminum.  These are produced inside stars.   Does this mean that star formation or star death is involved in the original event that formed the bubbles? Astronomers think that one possible cause for the outflows is a star-making frenzy near the galactic center. Eventually, those hot, young massive stars die in supernova explosions, which blow out gas. If a lot of them exploded at once, it might spur the formation of a huge gas bubble.   Another scenario has a star or a group of stars falling onto the Milky Ways supermassive black hole. When that happens, gas superheated by the black hole blasts deep into space and that could be what filled out the bubbles.   Those bubbles are short-lived compared to the age of our galaxy (which is more than 10 billion years old). Its possible that these arent the first bubbles to billow out from the core. It could have happened before.   Astronomers will continue to look at these bubbles using distant quasars as illuminators, so it might not be too long before we hear just what it was that caused a huge commotion at the heart of the Milky Way Galaxy.  They may well also be interested in studying smaller such bubbles that form as a result of supernova explosions and the actions of hot young stars. Such bubbles actually work to protect systems encased within. One example is the Local Interstellar Cloud, which encases the solar system today. In a few tens of thousands of years, the Sun and planets will move outside of it, exposing our system to radiation levels it hasnt experienced for a long time.

Prepare an equity research report comparing the financial performance Assignment

Prepare an equity research report comparing the financial performance of your chosen retail company with the financial performan - Assignment Example Through prudent risk management and optimum allocation of resources and assets, the company has been able to withstand financial difficulties and turmoil and has been able to portray sound and stable financial outlook. Today the company now has over 900 stores worldwide which cater to wide demography of customers across the globe. The company was founded by the name of John David stores in 1981 with one shop in bury. In the financial year of 1989 the first London store was opened in Oxford Street. One of the most important landmarks in the history of the company was the floatation of its equity stock in the year 1996. At this point of time, the company had around 56 stores. Subsequent to the issuance of equity in the market, the revenue growth of the company started increasing with rapid pace. The company acquired affiliations with international sports brands such as Addidas, Nike and Reebok and thus it was able to establish substantial present in the retail industry. The company not only focused on organic growth but it also expanded through merger and acquisitions. In the financial year 2002, JD sports acquired nearly 200 stores and the highlight among them the acquisition of first sport, a renowned sport retailer. In the financial year 2005, the company was also able to purchase more than 70 stores from Allstores which further established its position as the leading UK retailer in sports wear merchandise. The primary operations of the company reside in UK, Ireland and in France. 1.2 Overview of the current operations In the financial year 2012, the company acquired Blacks, another leading sports retailer in the industry. With the acquisition of Blacks, the JD group comprises of four divisions being Sport Fascias, Fashion Fascias, Outdoor and Distribution. The current primary business of the company is retail and the other businesses of the company acts as support activities. JD Sports have made substantial investment in brands, business, multi-channel and ot her infrastructure to improve and enhance the financial outlook of the company. The company has also made substantial investment in the current year for expanding its business to greater horizons such as Spain, Ireland and France. The company was able to open its first store in Spain in March 2012. The following is a brief financial analysis of various operational segment of the company: 1.3 Sports Fascias The Sport Fascias of JD sports plc comprises of JD, Size, Chausport, Sprinter and Champion sports. During the financial year of 2012, the revenue of the company increased by 16.3% and its market share also hiked as compared to the prior years. The gross margin of the company, however, experienced a marginal decrease from 51% (2011) to 50.8% (2012). This decrease was primarily due to the lower margin business of Champion and Sprinter. The operating profit of the segment experienced a hike of about ?1 million. 1.4 Fashion Fascias The fashion fascias comprises of Bank, Scotts and Gec il Gee. During the current financial year, the total revenue of the company increased by 13.2% and the gross margin of the segment decreased by marginally from 49% to 48.5%. 1.5 Outdoor After the acquisition of Blacks, a new reporting segment by the name of Outdoor has been created. At the time of the acquisition, the operations of Blacks were in adverse position and it required a considerable efforts and time of the managements to bring them to a reasonable position. The acquisition took place three months

Cloning cdc2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cloning cdc2 - Essay Example This was used to calculate the transformation efficiency of the experiment.The aim of carrying out this experiment was to try out carry out cloning of E. coli and to calculate how efficient the cloning was. The following are the key words that will be used in this report. To begin with is the word smid pALA2, which represents the plasmid to be used in the experiment. The other word is S. pombe. This in full is known as the Schizosaccharomycespombe. It is a species of yeast that is rod shaped and reproduces by fission. In this experiment on cloning, the yeast has been used in the determination of how the cell responds to DNA replication and destruction. The other key word in this report is cdc2, which stands for cell division control protein 2. This is also referred to by the name Cyclin-dependent kinase 1. It plays the role of encoding the fission yeast S.pombe in this experiment. This section contains a brief description of the tables and figures that will be used in the report. They are as follows; figure one represents the gels showing the purified genomic DNA from S. pombe, compared to the provided DNA sample. Figure two is of the virtual gel showing restriction digest of purified plasmids. Figure three is of plasmid CPP, lane PCR product and purified PC. The forth figure is the control made of the Marker, KpnI cut pALA2 plasmid, the fifth is KpnI cut pALA2, which is a cdc2 orientation of the first plasmid. The sixth figure is the KpnI cut pALA2 that is also a cdc2 orientation of the second plasmid. The final figure is figure seven that shows the plasmid maps. Table one in the report shows the qubit values and the student number. Cloning can be defined in many ways though all these definitions will add up to the same thing. Cloning generally refers to the process of giving rise to organisms that are alike genetically either in nature like in the asexual reproduction of certain

Frederick Douglass’ Paper Essay Example for Free

Frederick Douglass’ Paper Essay This map portrays a mass exodus into the Northern states as well as Canada. The trip from Louisiana to Indian was an arduous expedition taking several weeks or months to transverse. In this trek African Americans prove their stalwart bravado in the face of danger and prove that their freedom is worth the trail . Frederick Douglass With the idea African American influence in the Civil War, the name of Frederick Douglass is synonymous with freedom, or free blacks. His belief in an unshackled African American race led him to be the spokesman of abolishing slavery. His importance in shaping the fate of the Civil War is found in his being a voice for the freed slave, the oppressed slave, and the sympathizers of abolition. He changed the course of the war simply by speaking out and demanding to be heard, as well as his actions against oppression. His advocacy in abolition changed the tide of not just the war, but also the mentality of many whites to the capabilities of blacks, their intellect, as well as their strength and ingenuity in battle. Douglass was not only a lecturer on anti-slavery but he was a journalist and writer as well. Douglass was invited to join the Anti-Slavery Society and journeyed on a circuit across the Northern states to speak out against slavery by using his own life as a basis for others to become abolitionists. During one of Douglass’ speeches in Pendleton Indiana he is accosted by a mob and has his right hand broken, only a friend and fellow abolitionist stopped the mob from murdering Douglass; in this story and many others, Frederick proves to be a guiding light for other African Americans to unite and be free. Along with these feats of bravery, Frederick Douglass has a magazine entitled Frederick Douglass’ Paper, and subsequently has another paper entitled, Douglass Monthly in which he speaks of the horrendous nature of slavery, its disgrace to humanity and ways in which free blacks are regaining their lives in this country. (Tracy O. 2005). Bordewich describes Frederick Douglass as such, Douglass was one of the most charismatic members of an emerging generation of black intellectuals who were beginning to give African Americans a national voice through antislavery lecturing, journalism, and the ministry. More than anything else, however, it was the steady growth of independent black churches that provided the African American with what John Mercer Langston, the found of the Ohio State Anti-Slavery Society, a black organization called the ‘opportunity to be himself, to test his own powers. ’ (226) The bases of Douglass’ speeches were to encourage abolitionists’ fight in freedom of the African Americans. Many parts of the Northern states were still segregated, especially in areas that could prove to encourage African Americans to learn and be educated. In a Philadelphia, Robert Purvis instituted a black library . In New York, David Ruggles instituted a similar library. Blacks were rising up; they were speaking their minds about suffrage, about oppression, discrimination on public transportation, and schools. Frederick Douglass aided in the movement of a race to define themselves as free to a forming nation, and with the idea of personal liberty laws helping to protect fugitives once they entered the North, this movement quickly became a staple in Douglass’ speeches as well as becoming a changing force in the course of the Civil War. (Bordewich, 226). In striking contrast to white abolitionists, black abolitionists incited their own personal struggles with slavery to get their point across that humans do not belong in bondage. In extreme cases of rebellion groups, some believed in the taking up of arms against their former masters and in the issue of slavery using the events happening on the Amistad d as a vehicle to incite further rebellion and to stoke the fires of freedom and to attest that the supposed supremacy of white slave owners could be overthrown (Bordewich, 227). The antislavery movement, with the help of Frederick Douglass, became one which, though devastated the South’s economy, defined the history of a nation during the Civil War. During his speech with the Anti-Slavery Society, Douglass met with many other like-minded abolitionists, and the lectures proved to be indispensable in allowing the general public to know what abolition was and why it was so integral in the Civil War. As Bordewich describes of Douglass’ life during these lectures. The antislavery movement provided Douglass and a host of his fellow speakers with a forum for their views and life experience that African Americans had never enjoyed before. The stories that they told of floggings, sadistic overseers, shattered families, and prostituted mothers and sisters overwhelmed skeptical Yankees for whom slavery was an unpleasant but abstract national problem, and turned thousands of them into active abolitionists. Douglass soon became one of the movement’s most popular lecturers. ‘All the other speakers seemed tame after Frederick Douglass,’ Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote, after a convention at Boston’s Faneuil Hall. His immensely popular autobiography, first published n 18445, made his name close to a household word (227) Douglass was so adamant about his views of abolition that once during a train ride where he paid for his first class ticket he refused to leave his seat despite the insistence of the conductor. When his refusal couldn’t be tolerated any longer, the conductor had six men physically lift him from his seat to try and remove him due to the enforcement of Jim Crow laws. (Bordewich, 228). The Anti-Slavery Society offered Douglass the opportunity to lecture in New England in the spring of 1843. The lectures began in Vermont and New Hampshire and they ended in Ohio and Indiana. As Bordewich states of this event, Douglass was selected as one of the corps of traveling speakers who would cross the country. He was thrilled. This was his breakthrough, his opportunity to carry his message to a national audience. ‘I never entered upon any work with more heart and hope,’ Douglass wrote. ‘All that the American people needed, I thought was light. Could they know slavery as I knew it, they would hasten to the work of its extinction. ’ 228. Among some of the other noted lecturers there were Charles L. Remond, Henry Highland Gernet, Amos Beaman, and Charles M. Ray. During this period, Frederick Douglass found within himself the ability to offer to an audience the reality of slavery through his own tale of it, and his eventual fugitive state and then freedom. The Church In times of crises, faith is tested, and through this testing there is a revelation of belief and a growing of churches. During the Civil War, both the enslaved blacks and the freed blacks depended on a source of stability and in no other place was this found more strongly than in the church. The church provided a meetinghouse for abolition events (lectures, etc. ), it gave the black community not only a place in which to worship but also a place in which to become united as a people. Not only were many Northern abolitionists found within the sight of the church and religion but also many blacks found within the church a place of sanctuary. As Bordewich states on the subject of black revival religion. Between 1863 and 1846, African Methodist Episcopal congregations grew from eighty-six to nearly three hundred, and spread from the churche’s orginal base in Philadephia as faw wast as Indiana. Black Baptist churches, meanwile, had grown from just ten in 1830 to thirty-four in 1844. Not surprisingly, black churches were usually outspoken in their denunciation of slavery, and many of them were woeven into the web of the abolitionist underground, like the Bethel AME church in Indianapolis, a key station on the Underground Railroad, and Cincinnati’s Zion Baptist Church, which regularysheltered fugitives in its basement (226). Religion was also a source by which the African Americans could be educated. In this turn of events it is not necessarily the African Americans who were a great influence on the Civil War but the war gave them an opportunity to become educated and this happened mainly through studying the bible and learning to read it and become familiar with its morality. In the South, the general opinion was that education for blacks was not stunted through un-exposure to education, but the North held a very different idea ; being removed from the obstacle of slavery allowed freeman to discover their propensity for learning. It is through religion that this education was made possible, as Glatthaar states, â€Å"The more Southern black soldiers studied the Bible, and the better they learned to read and write, the sooner proper character, represented by morality, thrift, industry, and striving for perfection, would take shape among these new freedmen. In turn, this would help to uplift the entire South† (225). The view taken by the abolitionist movement in regards to religion and education was that in the reconstruction it was essential for African Americans to be able to read, write and do arithmetic. One of the overwhelming sentiments that came out of the Civil War was the engrossment of religion to the newly freed blacks. Their strength now came form a religious source and this source gave them the means by which to discover for themselves the true meaning of freedom and gratitude for that freedom. This can best be described through McPherson’s quoting of Susie King Taylor , There are good friends to the negro. Why, there are still thousands that have not bowed to Baal†¦Man thinks two hundred years is a long time, and it is, too; but it is only as a week to God, and in his own time-I know I shall not live to see the day, but it will come-the South will be like the North, and when it comes it will be prized higher than we prize the North to-day. God is just; when he created man he made him in his image, and never intended on should misuse the other. All men are born free and equal in his sight (314). McPherson goes on to give detail about sentiment in the church, and Rev. J. Sella Martin a former slave became pastor of the Joy Street Baptist Church in Boston and wrote this note to Frederick Douglass, Just think of Dimmick and Slemmer (Union Officers) sending back the fugitives that sought protection of them. They refuse to let white men sell the Southerners food, and yet they return slaves to work on the plantation to raise all the food that the Southerners want. They arrest traitors, and yet make enemies of the colored people, North and South; and if they do force the slave to fight for his master, as the only hope of being benefited by the war, they may thank their own cowardice and prejudice for the revenge of the negro’s aid and the retribution of his bullet while fighting against hem in the Southern States. I received a letter form Mobile, in which the writer states that the returning of those slaves by Slemmer has made the slaves determined to fight for the South, in the hope that their masters may set them free after the war, an when remonstrated with, they say that hey North will not let them fight for them (23). The influence that can be seen today with religion and African Americans is the vastness of churches rising across America, and the gospel hymns inspired by wanting to break free of slavery.

An In-Depth Analysis of Fairy Tales :: essays research papers

More Than â€Å"Kiddy† Stuff: An In Depth Look At Fairy Tales. Esteemed German poet Johann Schiller insists, â€Å"Deeper meaning resides in the fairy tales told me in my childhood than in any truth that is taught in life" (â€Å"Fairy† 1). Fairy tales are unique because they focus all which is moral and corrupt into a short, compact story. The story directly arrives to the plot leaving nothing to ponder. From there, fairy tales branch out and explore each superior characteristic a person should obtain and their opposites. The tales are usually meant for young children, but they are exceedingly beneficial to all ages; however, children benefit more from the abstract reason of thought these provide. Recent studies prove, â€Å"[. . .] children deprived of fantasy may develop nightmares and suffer emotional delays† (Melvin 1). Since the tales are universal, they can be adapted to teach or explain any given lesson in life. Disney’s Beauty and the Beast (1991) portrays a complete transformation by Beast, which can be relat ed to life in countless ways. At first, Beast is disliked and feared by the characters around him because of his appearance. When desperate Maurice wanders into Beast’s castle, he is treated Beast storms down to the room where Maurice waits unexpectedly the moment he learns a stranger has entered his castle. Without welcome to the stranger, Beast begins interrogating Maurice in a derogative manner, â€Å"Who are you? What are you doing here?† With Maurice in a stupor, Beast’s fangs flash, and his large shadow floods the wall. Beast appears jagged and uneven, his mane and fur unkempt. Maurice is terrified because inches away stands a beast twice the size of a man, with talons for nails and fangs for teeth. Beast’s warm, stale breath saturates Maurice, and they stand unchanged for an instant. Before Belle takes her father’s place as prisoner to Beast, she asks to see Beast in the light. He steps forward lighting his dog-like features and Belle is aghast. She covers her mouth with her hand because she cannot believe she is taking her father’s place for this monster. Later when Belle has grown more use to Beast, he messily eats his food without proper etiquette and food sloshes all over his face. Beast perpetrates many wrongful actions; thus, he is not popular among newcomers. This fact is proven well when Maurice is harshly taken up into the keep of the castle.

Sammy of Updike’s A & P: The Voice of Youth and Openness

John Updike, in his short story A & P, has made the excellent choice of making an unpretentious nineteen-year-old boy the narrator.   Sammy, the check-out counter boy provides an honest and unequivocal look at the other characters the way young boys can be.As a narrator, Sammy is able to give the readers a background of what the other characters are like, by describing their interactions and the inclinations of the grocery’s patrons.   The narrator’s honest and casual style creates a vivid picture of the society involved in the story, which in turn discusses the traditional and the unconventional.â€Å"It is in this setting that Updike reveals, through what is almost a prose dramatic monologue technique, the sensitive character of a nineteen year old grocery clerk named Sammy, who rejects the standards of the A & P and in so doing commits himself to [a] kind of individual freedom†Ã‚  (Porter 1155).  Sammy does not make observations according to consequences or what may be thought of as â€Å"right†; instead, he thinks without editing his thoughts, thus producing an accurate account, according to his point of view, of what has happened.He is a character who has no reason to embellish the tale because he is already separating from the views of the majority.Sammy has an eye on everyone coming in and out of the A & P. He is able to observe people passing by the doors, paying for their purchases and even selecting products.   There is no ambiguity in the way he describes people.â€Å"She's one of these cash-register-watchers, a witch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows†¦She'd been watching cash registers forty years and probably never seen a mistake before†Ã‚  (Updike). In his thoughts, he is not afraid to describe one of the patrons the way he perceives her.Later, he describes the reactions of the other shoppers towards the three girls who enter the A & P in their swimsuits:   â€Å"You could s ee them, when Queenie's white shoulders dawned on them, kind of jerk, or hop, or hiccup, but their eyes snapped back to their own baskets and on they pushed.I bet you could set off dynamite in an A & P and the people would by and large keep reaching†¦But there was no doubt, this jiggled them†Ã‚  (Updike).   Ã‚  Sammy recognizes the level of propriety practiced by the patrons of the A & P, and most likely by the small town itself.He knows the people’s reactions toward the three girls who have become representations of unconventional behavior; Sammy is amused with these reactions which he finds typical of the people he regularly sees at the A & P.Sammy, though distracted by the unprecedented entrance of the three girls, is still able to report what has been going on with the other characters.   This means that as a narrator he is at least able to portray the general mood of the â€Å"event†.If he were completely focused on the girls alone, he will not be a ble to make an adequate comparison between the girls’ carefree behavior and the more rigid attitude of the rest of the characters, especially his boss Lengel’s.Even the lustful reaction of Stokesie, the other clerk, does not escape Sammy.   So, he is not just drawn towards the completely conventional and unconventional characters; he is aware of those who are caught in between, admiring the different but staying with those who remain the same.The perspective of an adolescent is that of someone trying to find his or her place in the world.   The teenage Sammy is still open to new ideas unlike the older characters in the A & P, who have judged the three girls harshly based on their appearance.   â€Å"Girls, I don't want to argue with you. After this, come in here with your shoulders covered. It's our policy†¦That's policy for you. Policy is what the kingpins want. What the others want is juvenile delinquency†Ã‚  (Updike).   Moreover, their attire has automatically given them the label of juvenile delinquents.   Though apparently the rest of the characters think the same way, Sammy steps away from the general opinion and has become the girls’ defender.Though Sammy openly admires the girls, his youth and his previous commentaries on some shoppers show that whether the girls have come to the A & P in swimsuits or not, he will still be critical of the attitudes of the conventional people.He is ready enough to scrutinize each person he encounters partly because he does come across as a bored young man who is waiting for something exciting to happen.Updike’s Sammy has proved to be a reliable narrator; his youth provides free flowing and interesting narrative.   The reader becomes privy to the young man’s thoughts and his strong opinions of people provide a clear idea of what kind of society he is living in.Works Cited:Porter, M. Gilbert. â€Å"John Updike's â€Å"A&P†: The Establishment and an Emerson ian Cashier.† The English Journal (1972): 1155-1158.Updike, John. â€Å"A & P.† 9 February 2008 .   

Mitb

Malaysian Treasury Bills (MTB) MTB are short-term securities issued by the Government of Malaysia to raise short-term funds for Government's working capital. Bills are sold at discount through competitive auction, facilitated by Bank Negara Malaysia, with original maturities of 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year. The redemption will be made at par. MTB are issued on weekly basis and the auction will be held one day before the issue date. The successful bidders will be determined according to the most competitive yield offered.Normal auction day is Thursday and the result of successful bidders will be announced one day after. MTB are tradable on yield basis (discounted rate) based on bands of remaining tenure (e. g. , Band 4= 68 to 91 days to maturity). The standard trading amount is RM5 million, and it is actively traded in the secondary market. Malaysian Islamic Treasury Bills (MITB) MITB are short-term securities issued by the Government of Malaysia based on Islamic principles. MITB are usually issued on a weekly basis with original maturities of 1-year.Normal auction day is Thursday and the results of successful bidders will be announced one day after, on Friday. Both conventional and Islamic institutions can buy and trade on MITB. The MITB are structured based on Bai' Al-Inah principle, part of sell and buy back concept. Bank Negara Malaysia on behalf of the Government will sell the identified Government's assets on competitive tender basis, to form the underlying transaction of the deal. Allotment is based on highest price tendered (or lowest yield).Price is determined after profit element is imputed (discounting factor). The successful bidders will then pay cash to the Government. The bidders will subsequently sell back the assets to the Government at par based on credit term. The Government will issue MITB to bidders to represent the debt created. MITB are tradable on yield basis (discounted rate) based on bands of remaining tenure (e. g. , Band 4= 68 to 91 da ys to maturity). The standard trading amount is RM5 million, and it is actively traded based on Bai ad-Dayn (debt trading) principle in the secondary market.

Perceiving the Grecian Urn Essay

Perceiving the Grecian Urn Essay Perceiving the Grecian Urn Essay Perceiving the Grecian Urn In the first stanza, we have a person observing the old Grecian urn, thinking about the urn, trying to figure out its depiction of pictures frozen in time. It is the "still unravish'd bride of quietness," the "foster-child of silence and slow time." He also describes the urn as a "historian," which can tell a story. While wondering about the figures on the side of the urn, he asks what legend they depict, and where they are from. He looks at a picture that seems to display a group of men pursuing a group of women, and wonders what their story could be: "What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?" In the second stanza, the speaker looks at another picture on the urn, this time of a young man playing a pipe, lying with his lover under some trees. The observer of the urn says, that the piper's "unheard" melody's are sweeter than mortal melodies, because they are unchanging over time. He tells the youth that, althoug h he can never kiss his lover because he is frozen in time, he should not grieve, because her beauty will never fade. In the third stanza, he looks at the trees surrounding the lovers and feels happy that they will never shed their leaves; he is happy for the piper because his songs will be "for ever new" and happy that the love of the boy and the girl will have an enduring love, unlike mortal love. " All breathing human passion far above, That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloyed, A burning forehead, and a parching toungue", descibes that mortal love will give you a high for only a short time and then leave you " A burning forehead, and a parching toungue." In the fourth stanza, he continues to take notice of another picture of a cow being led away to be sacrificed. He wonders "what green altar" the preist is taking the sacrifice to. The speaker is imagining the altar to be green; the green altar could mean that it is highly decorated for the sacrifice, or that there are rarely any sacrifices on it, so it has grown up with vegitation. He starts to think of a town (although none is shown in the picture) where the people are coming from and comes up with a peaceful mountianside town. In ending the discription of his made-up town, he states that, "And, little town, thy steets for evermore Will silent be; and

Religious Thanksgiving Quotes

Religious Thanksgiving Quotes Before we begin the sumptuous Thanksgiving feast, we must remember to offer our thanks to the Supreme Being who has showered us with blessings and fortune. In our prayers, let us remember those who have barely enough to feed or clothe themselves. Let the kindness in your heart reach out to the million starving souls who feast on dry bread and salt. We often question the presence of God and his miracles. But we must acknowledge that every day is a miracle, and His merciful benevolence has seen us through the tough times. The Thanksgiving feast is the proof of His love and we are blessed to share the feast with our loved ones. Here are some religious Thanksgiving quotes to make your Thanksgiving Day special. Use these to say a simple prayer of thanks, offering God your unconditional love and devotion. Thanksgiving Quotes Hebrews 13:15 By him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name. Jerry Bridges, Respectable Sins Giving thanks to God for both His temporal and spiritual blessings in our lives is not just a nice thing to do - it is the moral will of God. Failure to give Him the thanks due Him is sin. Jeremy Taylor God is pleased with no music below so much as with the thanksgiving songs of relieved widows and supported orphans; of rejoicing, comforted, and thankful persons. David,  Psalm 57:7 - 9 My heart is fixed, O God, my heart is fixed: I will sing and give praise. Awake up, my glory; awake, psaltery and harp: I myself will awake early. I will praise thee, O Lord, among the people: I will sing unto thee among the nations. William Shakespeare O Lord that lends me life, Lend me a heart replete with thankfulness. Henry Ward Beecher Remember Gods bounty in the year. String the pearls of His favor. Hide the dark parts, except so far as they are breaking out in light! Give this one day to thanks, to joy, to gratitude! Apostle Paul, 2 Corinthians 9:15 Thanks be unto God for his unspeakable gift. John Clayton Thanksgiving is a season that is very much in accord with the themes and teachings of Jesus Christ. There is no racial or ethnic involvement in Thanksgiving, and people who may be very distant from the Christian system can see the beauty and the positive spirit that comes from the holiday. George Herbert Thou hast given so much to me, Give one thing more, - a grateful heart; Not thankful when it pleaseth me, As if Thy blessings had spare days, But such a heart whose pulse may be Thy praise. Thomas Watson God takes away the world that the heart may cleave more to Him in sincerity. Psalm 50:23 He who brings an offering of praise and thanksgiving honors and glorifies Me; and he who orders his way aright [who prepares the way that I may show him], to him I will demonstrate the salvation of God. Samuel Adams It is therefore recommended to set apart Thursday the eighteenth day of December next, for solemn thanksgiving and praise that with one heart and one voice the good people may express the grateful feelings of their hearts and consecrate themselves to the service of their divine benefactor. Psalm 95:2 Let us come before him with thanksgiving and extol him with music and song. Theodore Roosevelt No people on earth have more cause to be thankful than ours, and this is said reverently, in no spirit of boastfulness in our own strength, but with the gratitude to the Giver of good who has blessed us. Thomas Merton, Thoughts on Solitude Our knowledge of God is perfected by gratitude: we are thankful and rejoice in the experience of the truth that He is love. Psalm 26:7 That I may make the voice of thanksgiving heard and may tell of all Your wondrous works.

Strategies in Action Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategies in Action - Assignment Example Lastly, by weighing the relative advantages and disadvantages, a suggested change of thinking is offered for the recommendation. Over the years, global and multinational companies are faced with the choice between standardization and adaptation when it comes to their strategy in different markets. While standardization has been the cornerstone of globalization over the years, it has also been argued that companies that tailor their strategy to their individual country markets have more chances of local success. According to Loyka, â€Å"the globalization of markets is the principal driving force behind the need for global product standardization theory (2003).† The two strategies certainly have their own advantages and their own drawbacks. Therefore, assessing these relative strengths and weaknesses is important when considering entering other international markets and joining the global competition. Johansson in his book â€Å"Global Marketing has identified the advantages of standardization, which according to him includes the following: â€Å"cost reduction, improved quality, enhanced customer preference, and existence of global customers, and the emergence of global customer segments (2000, 367-368).† As according to Loyka: â€Å"While standardization of product design, packaging and promotional material offers important economies to multinational marketers (Buzzell, 1968), little hard evidence is available on the potential benefits arising from a more coherent international image, more rapid international diffusion of products and ideas, and greater coordination and control (Walters, 1986). The gains from standardization range from cost savings and more consistent dealings with customers, to better planning and exploitation of ideas with universal appeal (Buzzell, 1968) (Loyka 2003).† Cost reduction. As companies find their local markets saturated, companies look for opportunities in the international markets. The

Performance Management Evaluation Research Paper

Performance Management Evaluation - Research Paper Example The performance was evaluated keeping the standard appraisal in mind. The method used in this task to evaluate the individuals was peer rating. Peer rating is the method of appraisal in which the one individual is asked to rate the other peers on the basis of their performance. After the introduction of incentives, it was observed that the performance of individuals increased many folds and people were more eager to work on the task. Simply put, Performance management can be stated as the kind of management that keeps a check on the ongoing progress and ensures that goals are being met in an effective and efficient manner. Meeting the required goals that individuals or groups have set up for themselves is of very high significance and studying the effect of the factors that hamper or catalyze the performance is equally important. By understanding the effect of the factors we come in a better position to control those factors according to our needs. To comprehend the significance of these factors, we were required to do a practical and were asked to design a 15 to 20-minute task to be administered in a controlled environment. By conducting this test, using reward systems and analyzing performance appraisals and improvements, we realized that there was a sound relationship between performance outcomes and the factors that influence them. The requirement for this task was to understand the importance of the environmental factors that are present to influence the outcomes of the performance of individuals. Individuals were kept under strict observation and every factor that might help or hamper the outcomes of the tasks is noted down. Observational research is conducted. In a controlled environment, the class was taught how to make tomato, cheese and ham toast sandwiches by the invigilators ant their performance was monitored. They were asked to complete a required amount of sandwiches in a set time. This monitoring was first done under normal circumstances to measure the standard performance ability of the group.  

HSA 535 WK10 DB1 and DB2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HSA 535 WK10 DB1 and DB2 - Coursework Example Although the causes of the infant’s deaths from SID have not yet been established, there is clear need of creating awareness to the mothers. The young mothers need to ensure that they take care of the sleeping positions of the infants so that do not cause their deaths. Additionally, young mothers should be taught on how to talk care of their children, especially when they are sleeping on the baby cots, because that is where many infant deaths occur (Fowler et al., 2013). Therefore, to reduce the alarming rate of deaths caused by SID, mothers should be informed on the ways to lay their babies while they sleep the right food to eat while pregnant to avoid low birth weights and keeping the babies warm to avoid respiratory infections. Fowler, A. J., Evans, P. W., Etchegaray, J. M., Ottenbacher, A., & Arnold, C. (2013). Safe Sleep Practices and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Risk Reduction NICU and Well-Baby Nursery Graduates. Clinical pediatrics, 52(11), 1044-1053. Your post was very informative and I agree with your point of view, because childhood obesity is not only a problem in Georgia, but also the whole of the United States. Lack of physical education in school and at home has contributed greatly to the increased number of children with obesity in Georgia. Therefore, making it important for the schools to change the nutrition program and increase physical activity to reduce the number of obese children. I agree with you on the focus of health services management should be and that is the on the health population they serve and not on the fiscal health of the institutions. This means we need a change of agents in the health care system in relation to aligning economic and social objectives to allow the improvement of population health. This course has been informative and there are various concepts that I have learned. First, there is need for creation of awareness in areas that are causing

Oral Fast Disintegrating Anti-allergic Film Using Hot-melt

Oral Fast Disintegrating Anti-allergic Film Using Hot-melt Development and Evaluation of an Oral Fast Disintegrating Anti-allergic Film Using Hot-melt Extrusion Technology Manjeet B. Pimparade1, Anh Vo1, Abhijeet S. Maurya1, Joseph T. Morott1, Xin Feng1, Dong Wuk Kim1, Vijay I. Kulkarni1, Roshan Tiwari1, K. Vanaja2, Reena. Murthy2, H. N. Shivakumar2, D. Neupane3, S. R. Mishra3, S. N. Murthy1, Michael. A. Repka1,4* 1Department of Pharmaceutics Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA 2Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore, India 3Department of Physics, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA 4Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA *Address for correspondence: Michael A. Repka, D.D.S., Ph.D. Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Director, Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology School of Pharmacy The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 Abstract The main objective of this novel study was to develop chlorpheniramine maleate orally disintegrating films (ODF) using hot-melt extrusion technology and evaluate the characteristics of the formulation using in vitro and in vivo methods. Modified starch with glycerol was used as a polymer matrix for melt extrusion. Sweetening and saliva-simulating agents were incorporated to improve palatability and lower the disintegration time of film formulations. A standard screw configuration was applied, and the last zone of the barrel was opened to discharge water vapors, which helped to manufacture non-sticky, clear, and uniform films. The film formulations demonstrated rapid disintegration times (6-11 s) and more than 95% dissolution in 5 min. In addition, the films had characteristic mechanical properties that were helpful in handling and storage. An animal model was employed to determine the taste masking of melt-extruded films. The lead film formulation was subjected to a human panel for e valuation of extent of taste masking and disintegration. Keyword: Hot-melt extrusion, Orally disintegrating film, Taste-masking, Pediatric and geriatric, Modified starch, Human panel taste evaluation, Continuous manufacturing, Chlorpheniramine maleate Introduction It is estimated that 26-50% of the patient population find difficulty in swallowing tablets and hard gelatin capsules [1]. These patients mainly include the elderly who have difficulty taking conventional oral dosage forms because of hand tremors and dysphagia, and pediatric patients who are often fearful of taking solid oral dosage forms owing to their underdeveloped muscular and nervous systems [2]. In addition, patients who are mentally ill, developmentally disabled, uncooperative, on reduced liquid-intake plans or nauseated, and travelers who may not have access to clean water also are candidates for ODFs [3, 4]. The traditional alternative to swallowing difficulties is formulating a drug substance in liquid dosage form. However, liquid dosage forms have several limitations, such as the need for measuring, bulkiness, physical, chemical, and microbial stability issues, spoilage, inaccurate dosing, and organoleptic properties of drug and drug formulations [5]. Conventional solid oral formulations contributed significantly to minimizing the shortcomings of liquid dosage forms. The crushing of tablets or opening of capsules is a straightforward way for patients or caregivers to lessen the swallowing difficulties. However, serious consequences may be associated with modified-release, enteric-coated, and cytotoxic or hormonal medicines, as these formulations are designed for special cases [6]. Moreover, European Medical Agency does not recommend the splitting or crushing of tablets because the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is not evenly distributed in the tablet [7, 8]. Thus, it is very convenient to develop a formulation that disintegrates in the oral cavity and eases the swallowing process. In recent years, fast disintegrating oral formulations established their importance in patient population suffering from dysphagia, stroke, thyroid disorder, Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy [9]. Commercially available orodispersible tablets (ODT) and orodispersible films (ODF) are the most successful platforms for pharmaceutical product development. ODTs are solid oral dosage forms that disintegrate rapidly, typically within 30 s, with or without the administration of additional water [10]. They provided great comfort to patients with swallowing difficulties [11]. Despite the benefits of ODTs, there are some challenges in their processing and handling owing to their fragility and brittleness, which warrant special package for protection during storage and transportation [12]. The films are flexible and not as fragile as most ODTs. Hence, there is ease in transportation, consumer handling, and storage of ODFs. ODF can be defined as a dosage form that employs a water-soluble polymer (generally a hydrocolloid, which may be a bioadhesive polymer), which allows the dosage form to quickly wet, adhere, and dissolve to release the drug when placed on the tongue or in the oral cavity [5]. ODF alleviated patient discomforts associated with swallowing disabilities without compromising the therapeutic effect. In addition, it could ease the administration of drugs to pediatric patient population [13]. Moreover, ODF can be helpful in curtailing dose variations in younger patients, in whom liquid formulations are the most accepted way of drug delivery. Currently, solvent casting methods are commonly employed to produce ODFs, owing to its ease of production and low set up costs [14, 15]. Despite its wide application, products with batch-to-batch variation may be produced because of multiple steps involved in the production. In addition, air entrapment in the films is commonly observed in solvent casting methods, which leads to dose variations and inappropriate esthetic appearance of the product [15]. The use of large amounts of solvent is one of the biggest shortcomings of this method as solvent removal and disposal is a long and tedious process. Thus, it is very beneficial to develop a solvent-free, quick, and continuous process that could diminish the shortcomings of the current manufacturing method. Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a one-step, solvent-free continuous manufacturing process, which established itself in the pharmaceutical arena for the development of various solid oral formulations [16-25]. This technology involves the use of temperature and shear to process polymer blends and extrude them through a die of the desired design [26]. HME could be an effective alternative to the solvent casting method as it diminishes the inherent shortcomings, such as the use of solvents and problems involved in the mixing and drying steps. This ultimately makes HME process efficient and cost effective for patients [27, 28]. This study has three main objectives: to 1) develop a robust patient-friendly orally fast disintegrating film of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM); 2) evaluate these formulations with different in vitro and in vivo techniques, and 3) demonstrate the feasibility of HME techniques for continuous manufacturing of ODF without the use of solvents. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published literature on the manufacturing of orally fast disintegrating formulations using HME technology and evaluation of films using in vitro and in vivo techniques. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials CPM was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Solon, OH, USA). Lycoat RS 780 (modified starch) was supplied by Roquette America Inc. (Keokuk, IA, USA). Citric acid and glycerol were ordered from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh PA, USA). Magnasweet sample was gifted by Mafco worldwide LLC (Camden, NJ, USA). Sucralose was supplied by JK Sucralose Inc. (Edison, New Jersey, USA). 2.2. Thermal analysis Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies (Perkin Elmer Pyris 1, Shelton, CT, USA) were performed to estimate the thermal stability of the API and excipients during HME processing. Data were analyzed using Pyris software. The API excipients were heated from 30-160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ at 20à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ /min. 2.3. Material preparation and blending CPM, citric acid, and Lycoat RS 780 were dry mixed at amounts outlined in Table 1 using a V-shell blender (GlobePharma, Maxiblend, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) after passing through an ASTM #30 mesh. The plasticizer (glycerol with dissolved sucralose and Magnasweet) was incorporated slowly into a high-shear mixer (Model RSI 3VG, Robot Coupe Industrial Division, Ridgeland, MS, USA) containing the previously mixed blend with all excipients and allowed to blend for 10 min. 2.4. Hot melt extrusion The blends were melt-extruded using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder (16 mm Prism EuroLab, ThermoFisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) at 30-50 rpm over a temperature range of 100-  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   110à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. A degassing port was introduced in the last zone of the barrel to release excess water vapor, which would otherwise produce unwanted bubbles in the films. Additionally, the film die was installed with preset thickness. The physical blend of the formulation was manually fed into the hopper, and the films were collected, wrapped in wax paper, sealed, and stored in polyethylene bags at 25à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ with 40% relative humidity. 2.5. Film characterizations 2.5.1 Film thickness and mechanical properties The mechanical properties of the films were evaluated using the TA.XTPlus texture analyzer equipped with 5 kg load cell (Texture Technologies, Scarsdale, NY, USA). The films were cut into dumbbell shaped specimens with a width and length of 1.55 and 15.5 mm, respectively, and placed longitudinally in tensile grip probe on the texture analyzer. The films were tested at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min and held between two clamps positioned at 5 mm. The results of film samples that broke at and not between the clamps were not included in the calculations. Each film formulation was measured with ten replicates [29]. The tensile strength (Ts) and percent elongation (%E) were calculated using the results from texture analyzer. Film thickness was measured using an electronic caliper (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) at different positions. 2.5.2 Disintegration test The film was cut into an appropriate size as per the dose (4 mg) and placed in a petri dish. Then, 100  µL artificial salivary media was added, and the time for complete disintegration of the film was recorded (n =10). 2.5.3 Surface pH of film The film was moistened using 5  µL water and a contact electrode touched the surface of the film (Oaktonà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ pH meter, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), followed by pH measurement (n=6) 2.6. Analytical method A Waters high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a Water 600 binary pump, Waters 2489 UV/detector, and Waters ® 717 plus autosampler (Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, MA, USA), and a Phenomenex Luna 5  µm C18 (2) 250 x 4.6 mm column (Torrance, CA, USA) were used at a detection wavelength of 254 nm. The mobile phase consisted of 7.5 mM monobasic potassium phosphate in methanol and water at a ratio of 62.5:37.5 (v/v). The mobile phase flow rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min, and an injection volume of 10 ÃŽÂ ¼L was used [30]. HPLC data were analyzed using Empower 2 software (Milford, MA, USA). 2.7. In vitro dissolution studies The films for dissolution studies were cut into sizes relative to the dose of CPM (4 mg). The drug profile was evaluated using a USP dissolution apparatus-I (Hanson SR8, Chatsworth, CA) maintained at 37  ± 0.5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ and having a shaft rotation speed of 100 rpm. The dissolution test was performed using 900 mL phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The samples were withdrawn at 5, 10, and 30 min and analyzed using the HPLC- UV system. 2.8. X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) X-Ray diffraction (Bruker D8 Advance, Madison, MI, USA) was used to determine the physical state of the drug, excipients, and film formulations. The X-ray diffraction apparatus used CuK radiation at 40 mA, 40 kV, a scanning speed of 2à ¢- ¦/min, and diffraction angle (2ÃŽÂ ¸) range of 5-55. 2.9. Scanning electron Microscope (SEM) The surface morphology of the films was evaluated using SEM analysis. The samples were mounted on adhesive carbon pads placed on aluminum and sputter coated with gold using a Hummer sputtering system (Anatech Ltd, Springfield, VA, USA) in a high vacuum evaporator. A JEOL JSM-5600 SEM operating at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV was used for imaging. 2.10. In vivo taste evaluation Twenty-one naÃÆ' ¯ve adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (175-200 g) were ordered from Harlan Laboratories (Houston, TX, USA) for the study. The rats were housed in Plexiglass cages with Corncob bedding in a vivarium that maintained a 12 h light/dark cycle and an ambient temperature of ~22à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. Food and water were available without any restriction, except during the training and taste evaluation experiments as mentioned below (2.10.1). All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at The University of Mississippi, University, USA (protocol no. 15-026). This study was performed as per the procedure in our previous publication on taste assessment method for bitter drugs [31]. 2.10.1. Training paradigm The rats were trained for licking behavior (response to thirst) by depriving them of water for 22 h, but they had ad libitum access to food. After the water deprivation period, the Plexiglass cage was divided using plastic transparent dividers to provide an individual water bottle to each animal. Eventually, the rats were provided with graduated water bottle for 30 min, and the amount consumed at 15 and 30 min were recorded. This training paradigm was performed for 2 days before the taste evaluation experiment. 2.10.2. Evaluation of bitterness sensitivity of rats To determine the concentration of CPM for this study, a sensitivity test for bitterness was performed in rats. After depriving the rats of water for 22 h, sensitivity toward 0.5 mg/mL CPM solution was evaluated on the first day, followed by a washout period of 24 h. Subsequently, the effect of 1 mg/mL CPM solution was examined, and the results were recorded. 2.10.3. Experiment The experiment was performed for 30 min with 30 mL test formulation following the 22 h water deprivation period. After each experiment, the rats had a washout period of 24 h to avoid any memory of the taste of the previous formulation. The rats had ad libitum access to food during the experiment and washout period. The amount of solution remaining at 15 and 30 min was noted and subtracted from the original test volume. Varying results caused by spilling of the test solution while measuring or leaking of bottle knob were omitted from the study. Notably, animal behavior responses such as jaw smacking, oral grooming, and retreating were observed, which was not the focus of this study. Formulations N2, N7, and N9 at 0.5 mg/mL CPM were used for bitterness evaluation study in rat model. The average amount of solution consumed by all animals was calculated and expressed as the mean standard deviation. The mean scores between the physical mixture and formulation were compared using a student t-test at 95% confidence level and P 2.11. Film evaluation by human panel The evaluation of film for palatability, disintegration time (DT), and organoleptic characteristics was performed at the Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore India (Protocol number VIPS/2013/12). The subjects were recruited after obtaining informed consent. This study is also in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The experimental procedure for this study was as per our previously published work [10, 32]. 2.11.1. Human subject selection criteria Six human subjects belonging to either sex were recruited. They were asked to abstain from coffee/tea and other beverages for 12 h. The subjects were allowed to drink only water for 12 h. Moreover, they were asked not to eat chocolates or other candies for over 6 h. The inclusion criterion was healthy human subjects aged 18-42 years, and the exclusion criteria were subjects suffering from fever, mouth ulcers, dry mouth, cold, nose block, and wounds as well as smokers.   2.11.2. Data collection Before data collection, the subjects were asked to wash their mouth with water at ambient temperature. The surface temperature of the tongue was recorded using an infrared (IR) thermometer, and a difference of  ±5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ relative to the body temperature was considered an exclusion criteria. 2.11.2.1. Bitterness perception The subjects were asked to taste aqueous solutions of CPM, beginning with very dilute solutions and progressing to higher concentrations, by placing 2 mL solution for 30 s on the tongue/buccal cavity. The concentrations screened were 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 4 mg. The volunteers were asked to report the perception each time: 1- I feel bitter taste, 2- I feel something but cannot identify the taste, and 3-I do not feel the taste. The subjects who reported 2 or 3 were asked to taste higher concentrations of the solution until they expressed perception 1. This was recorded as the threshold for an individual. For individuals who reported a score of 1, at least 1/5th the drug concentration of the actual dose was only allowed for testing the products. A few high concentration API solutions above the individuals perception threshold were made for tasting, and the subjects were subsequently asked to provide a score for each solution (Table 3). The highest concentration of the solution contained C PM equivalent to the dose present in the products tested. The scoring pattern followed was according to modified hedonic scale: 0-no taste, 1- taste something (threshold), 2-slightly bitter, 3-moderately bitter, 4-bitter, and 5-strongly bitter. 2.11.2.2. Formulation evaluation and data analysis A washout interval of 12-24 h was allowed after screening the standard solution. The individuals were asked to taste the products (physical mixture or ODF) randomly (blinded) and score the product. The products were placed on the tongue/buccal cavity for 30-40 s, and the subjects were asked to score the bitterness on a scale of 0-5 for each product. Moreover, volunteers were asked to report the time for complete disintegration of the film. Sufficient washout time was allowed between the products, and the volunteers were allowed to drink copious amounts of water after tasting each product. The average of the scores given by all individuals were taken and expressed as the mean standard deviation. The mean scores between the physical mixture and formulation were compared using a student t-test at 95% confidence level, and P Results and Discussion 3.1. Preparation of hot-melt extruded film Modified starch is very difficult to extrude because of its high glass transition temperature. Thus, there is a need to introduce a plasticizer during extrusion, which could reduce the melt viscosity and increase the free volume of starch chains. For this study, glycerin was used as a plasticizer in different proportions, and it exhibited excellent extrudability with significantly lower torque (4.8-7.2 Nm) values than typically encountered. The barrel design was modified with a degassing port to remove excess amount of water vapor from the molten mass. Initial studies without a degassing port demonstrated the presence of bubbles as well as unequal distribution of drug in the film samples. Standard screw configuration (Figure 1) with three mixing zones was utilized for this study. It provided enough shear for dispersive and distributive mixing of the drug and helped get excellent content uniformity in all the extruded film formulations. The extruded films were stretched using the roll connected to the extruder assembly. This aided in making thin films with uniform thickness, and the roll speed was optimized for steady collection of the film. The combination of processing and formulation parameters helped to manufacture uniform, clear, and very thin films (60-110  µm) using melt extruder. 3.2. Physiochemical evaluation of films TGA is very critical before performing HME because the drug and excipients are exposed to high temperature during the extrusion process, and there are possibilities of drug degradation or thermally-induced chemical reactions or both [16]. The TGA results (Figure 2) specified that API, polymer, and excipients were chemically stable in the HME processing temperature range. Lycoat RS 780 demonstrated a loss of weight (33]. XRD was used to investigate the physical state of the drug after HME process. The XRD results (Figure 3a 3b) of CPM illustrated prominent peaks at 2ÃŽÂ ¸ angles of approximately 13, 19, and 20 degrees, while citric acid showed peaks at 2ÃŽÂ ¸ angles of 18, 19, and 26. The melt-extruded formulation did not show any peak that confirmed the presence of drug in an amorphous form. The reasons behind the complete conversion of drug to an amorphous form were the high shear during extrusion, low drug load, and relatively high amounts of glycerin. The presence of CPM and excipients in an amorphous form aided the flexibility and clear appearance of the film. 3.3. Dissolution studies Lycoat RS 780 is a comparatively new modified starch-based polymer, which demonstrated its significance in film coating for tablets and oral film development using solvent casting method [34, 35]. Being a non-gelling and highly water-soluble polymer, it provides rapid disintegration and dissolution to formulations. Visual inspection during dissolution demonstrated rapid disintegration of the film when it touched the dissolution media. This characteristic helps in the rapid onset of action of the formulation, because the drug can diffuse from the oral mucosa and reach the systemic circulation [36]. During dissolution studies, the formulations rapidly release CPM, and it was attributed to hydrophilic excipients and Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class I drug. These films had very low thickness (60-110  µm) and higher surface area, which enabled interaction with dissolution media and rapid disintegration following complete dissolution. Dissolution results (Figure 4a 4b) showed ~95% drug release in the first 5 min of the dissolution experiment, and at 10-min time points, there was complete release of the drug. 3.4. SEM evaluation The surface morphology was examined by SEM for all film formulations. SEM images did not exhibit CPM crystals, indicating an amorphous nature of drug in formulations (Figure 5). The formulations showed very smooth surface at low magnification. This affirmed the smooth texture of film surface, which is one of the esthetic attributes of films. However, at microscopic level, there was high surface area, which helped in the rapid disintegration of the film. 3.5. Film characterizations As illustrated in Table 2, the film formulations demonstrated excellent D.T of 6-11 s, which was attributed to the thickness of the film and presence of water-soluble materials in the film. The formulations contained water-soluble excipients and APIs such as CPM, citric acid, glycerin, and modified starch. The most crucial parameter for disintegration is the low thickness of the film. As the films had a thickness range of 60-110  µm, they aided in the faster disintegration of all film formulations. In addition to the low thickness of the film, the amount of saliva in the oral cavity is very critical for rapid disintegration. The normal flow of saliva in a healthy person is 0.34 mL/min, and it can be increased by the addition of agents that simulate salivary production, including citric, malic, lactic, ascorbic, and tartaric acids [14]. Citric acid is the most preferred saliva-stimulating agent, and it was estimated that citric acid could increase salivary flow approximately 5- fold in 2-6% proportion in the formulation [14]. With the addition of citric acid, the pH of the films was found to be in the range of 2.9-3.4 and it could contribute in improving rate of salivary flow after administration of formulation which will aid in rapid disintegration of film product. All the film formulations were tested for their Ts and %E (Table 2). Ideally, the film should have desirable mechanical properties so that it can remain intact during handling and transport. ODFs showed appropriate strength and %E. These excellent mechanical properties were attributed to the presence of glycerol, citric acid, and CPM, which reduced film stiffness via disruption of intermolecular forces of the polymer owing to the accommodation of these compounds between the strands, thereby providing elasticity to the films [37, 38]. 3.6. In vivo taste evolution Firstly, the taste perception of rats was evaluated by administering 0.5 and 1 mg/mL CPM dissolved in distilled water. These results were important to avoid taste variability between animals (Figure 6), and showed that the rats consumed ~10 and ~14 mL of water in 15 and 30 min, respectively. The results of this study were comparable with those of the study published by Tiwari et.al. Thus, the rate and extent of consumption of water were reduced significantly to ~3 and ~5 mL in 15 and 30 min with the administration of 0.5 mg/mL CPM solution. At a higher concentration of 1 mg/mL, there was notable reduction in consumption of water to ~1.6 and ~2 mL at 15 and 30 min. Notably, this reduction in consumption of CPM solution despite deprivation of water for 22 h affirmed an aversion toward CPM. Moreover, aversion behaviors (Figure 7), such as jaw smacking, oral grooming, nose wrinkle, paw wipe, forelimb flail, head shake, paw shakes, and retreating confirmed the dislike of rats toward the d rug solution [39]. As illustrated in Figure 6, the rats consumed ~10 and 12.5 mL of N 2 solution (5% CPM in the film) in the first 15 and 30 min, and the amount was comparable with the consumption of water. In addition, N7 (10% CPM) exhibited consumption of ~ 4.7 and ~8 mL at 15 and 30 min. Furthermore, N9 (7.5% CPM) showed consumption of ~6.3 and 10 mL at 15- and 30-min time point. These results indicated that with increasing concentrations of CPM, there was noticeable reduction in the consumption of formulation. The rats did not show aversion behavior such as forelimb flail with N2 formulation. However, there was a surge in the aversion behavior response upon increasing the drug concentrations in N7 and N9,. The results of this study were very helpful to understand about the taste of pure drug and formulation. It provided an insight into the taste of products, which helped to screen this formulation for human studies. 3.7. Film evaluation by human panel Before evaluation of taste of the formulation, it is very important to understand the taste perception of human volunteers to minimize intra-subject variability. Taste perception study was performed on six healthy human volunteers. Initially, different concentrations of CPM in 2 mL of water were administered to the human subjects. Three subjects had threshold at 0.5 mg and the remaining three subjects reported moderate bitterness at the same concentration. A dose of 2.5 mg demonstrated bitterness in all subjects, and only three volunteers could taste higher concentration of CPM (4 mg, Table 3). This initial evaluation confirmed the appropriateness of the subjects for taste masking study. The results of taste masking evaluation in animal model suggested that formulation N2 with 5% CPM had significant taste masking. Moreover, this formulation had an excellent D.T (7 s) in in vitro studies. Based on t